A second set of questions concerns the issue of people who, for one reason or another, do not enjoy all the benefits of citizenship. One aspect of this situation is the result of persistent patterns of discrimination within societies: minority groups very often have official citizenship of the country in which they live, but may still be prevented from participating fully in that society. The origin of citizenship dates back to ancient Greece, when “citizens” were those who had the legal right to participate in the affairs of the state. However, not everyone was by no means a citizen: slaves, peasants, women or resident foreigners were mere subjects. For those who had the privileged status of citizens, the idea of “bourgeois virtue” or “good” citizen was an important part of the concept, since participation was considered not only a right, but also and above all a duty. A citizen who did not live up to his responsibilities was considered socially disturbing. 1 Diese vier Dimensionen der Staatsbürgerschaft wurden von Ruud Veldhuis in « Education for Democratic Citizenship: Dimensions of Citizenship, Core Competencies, Variables and International Activities », Straßburg, Europarat, 1997, Dokument DECS/CIT (97) 23, hier zitiert aus T-Kit 7 – Under Construction, T-Kit on European Citizenship, Council of Europe and European Commission, Strasbourg, 2003 2 T-Kit 7 – En construction, T-Kit on European Citizenship, Council of Europe and European Commission, Strasbourg, 2003 3 Peter Lauritzen, Keynote Speech on Participation presented at the training course on the development of and implementation of participation projects at local and regional level, European Youth Centre, juin 2006 4 Erläuternder Bericht zum Europäischen Übereinkommen über die Staatsangehörigkeit, Artikel 2, Abs. 23: conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/reports/html/166.htm#FN2 5 Megan Rowling quotes Thomas Hammarberg, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, in: “Rights Chief urges Europe to transform stateless Roma into citizens”, AlertNet 23 August 2011: www.trust.org/alertnet/news/interview-eu-governments-should-give-stateless-roma-citizenship-commissioner 6 Sherry R. Arnstein, “A Ladder of Citizen Participation”, JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, p. 216.
7 Roger Hart, Children`s Participation: from Tokenism to Citizenship, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, 1992 8 “Youth on the Move”, Analytical Report, European Commission, May 2011 ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_319a_en.pdf 9 Resolution of the Committee of Ministers (2008)23 on Council of Europe youth policy 10 Join in!, Handbook on the Revised European Charter on the Participation of Young People in Local and Regional Life, Council of Europe Editions, 2008 11 The Charter is available here: www.salto-youth.net/downloads/4-17-1510/Revised%20European%20Charter%20on%20the%20Participation%20of%20YP.pdf 12 www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/Source/Coe_youth/Participation/Have_your_say_en.pdf 13 Read more on the European Youth Forum website: www.youthforum.org Rung 3: Tokenism Young people are given certain roles within projects, but they have no real influence on decisions. It creates a false appearance (intentionally or unintentionally) in which young people participate, when in reality they have no choice what is done and how. Such a community can be defined by a variety of elements, such as a common moral code, an identical set of rights and duties, loyalty to a civilization in common ownership, or a sense of identity. In the geographical sense, “community” is generally defined at two main levels, distinguishing between the local community in which the person lives and the state to which he or she belongs. Everyone has the right to participate directly or through freely elected representatives in the government of his country. DuDH, Article 21 Nationality is often used in English as a synonym for citizenship[2], although the term is mainly understood – particularly in international law – as referring to a person`s membership of a nation (a large ethnic group). [3] In some countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, nationality and citizenship may have different meanings. (See Nationality versus Citizenship.) A legal status and relationship between a person and a state that involves certain legal rights and obligations. Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the patrician interests of the upper class and the lower-order working groups known as the plebeian class. [16] A citizen was understood as a person “who is free to act in accordance with the law, free to seek and await the protection of the law, a citizen of such and such a community of law, this or that legal position in that community.” [19] Citizenship meant having the right to have property, immunities, and expectations that were “available in many types and degrees, available or inaccessible to many types of people for many kinds of reasons.” [19] The law itself was a kind of bond that united people. [20] Roman citizenship was more impersonal, universal, diverse, and had varying degrees and applications. [20] Mercosur citizenship is granted to eligible citizens of the Member States of the Southern Common Market.
It was approved by the Citizenship Statute in 2010 and is expected to be fully implemented by member countries in 2021, when the program will be transformed into an international treaty that will be incorporated into the national legal systems of countries under the concept of “Mercosur citizen”. [50] The last category, aliens, referred to those who were citizens of another state and who also had no rights. Nationality, in law, belonging to a nation or a sovereign State. It must be distinguished from citizenship (saas), a somewhat narrower term sometimes used to designate the status of nationals who have all the political privileges. For example, before an act of the U.S. Congress made them citizens, American Indians were sometimes called “non-citizens.” However, the concept of citizenship has many more levels of meaning than legal citizenship. “Citizenship” today is much more than a legal construct and refers, among other things, to the personal sense of belonging, for example the feeling of belonging to a community that can be directly shaped and influenced. In international law, nationality is becoming increasingly important in a variety of circumstances. In extradition treaties, for example, States contain clauses that allow them to extradite their own nationals. When a State expels a person from its territory, only the State of which he is a national is obliged to receive him. In the European Middle Ages, citizenship was generally associated with cities and municipalities (see medieval municipality) and applied mainly to the middle class.
Titles such as citizens, upper-class citizens and bourgeoisie referred to political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular place as well as membership of a commercial or commercial class; Thus, individuals with respectable means and socio-economic status were interchangeable with citizens. Living in a country does not mean that a person is necessarily a citizen of that country. Citizens of a country who live in a foreign country are called foreigners. Their rights and obligations are governed by political treaties and by the laws of the country in which they reside. In the United States, foreigners must obey the laws and pay taxes, just like American citizens. You must register with the U.S. government to obtain legal permission to stay for an extended period of time. Legal aliens have the right to legal protection and the use of the courts. You can also own property, do business, and attend public schools.
But foreigners cannot vote or hold government positions. In some states, they are not allowed to practice certain professions until they become citizens. Sprout 2: Decoration Young people are needed in the project to represent young people as a disadvantaged group. They have no significant role (except that they are present) and, as with decorations, they are placed in a visible position within a project or organization, making them easy to spot for strangers. It is taught in the Republic of Ireland as an examination subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE). A new graduation certificate exam topic with the working title “Politics and Society” is being developed by the National Council for Curriculum and Evaluation (NCCA) and is expected to be added to the curriculum after 2012. [53] The status of legal member of a country is considered to be in the relationship between the individual and society, we can distinguish four dimensions that correlate with the four subsystems that can be seen in a society and that are essential to its existence: the political/legal dimension, the social dimension, the cultural dimension and the economic dimension.1 Implement the participation of young people in the youth policy of a country. In a unique way, the Council of Europe has set up a co-management system in its youth sector, in which representatives of European youth NGOs and government officials work together to develop priorities for youth and make recommendations on them. This co-management system consists of three bodies: the European Youth Steering Committee, the Youth Advisory Council and the Joint Youth Council. The Advisory Board is composed of 30 representatives of NGOs and youth networks, who provide advice and input on all activities in the youth sector. Its mission is to discuss opinions and proposals on all issues relating to youth within the framework of the Council of Europe.